The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ anatomically in origin, pathway, and neurotransmitter usage. The sympathetic nervous system originates from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L2), while the parasympathetic system arises from the craniOSacral region (brainstem and sacral spinal cord). Sympathetic pathways typically involve short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons, whereas parasympathetic pathways consist of long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons. Additionally, the primary neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic neurons is norepinephrine, while parasympathetic postganglionic neurons predominantly use acetylcholine.
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