What causes thickening of the gastric antrum?

Thickening of the gastric antrum can be caused by several factors, including chronic inflammation, infection (such as Helicobacter pylori), and the presence of gastric ulcers or tumors. This thickening often results from mucosal edema and increased muscle layer thickness due to prolonged irritation or injury to the gastric lining. Additionally, conditions like gastritis or gastric outlet obstruction may also contribute to this change in the gastric antrum's structure.