Can you reconstruct the historical sequence of Paul's letters and his visits to Corinth in the Bible?

Yes.

A.D. 51-52, Second Missionary Journey, Acts 15:40-18:23, 1st and 2nd Thessalonians from Corinth. Galatians (A.D. 51/52 or 53) or (48/49).

A.D. 55-57, Third Missionary Journey, Acts 18:23-21:17, 1 Corinthians from Ephesus, 2 Corinthians from Macedonia. Romans from Cenchrea or Corinth.