What lie north of eastern Europe and western Russia?

North of Eastern Europe and western Russia lies the Arctic region, which includes parts of the Arctic Ocean and the northern territories of various countries such as Norway, Finland, and Russia. This area is characterized by its cold climate, ice-covered waters, and unique ecosystems. Additionally, it encompasses the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea, as well as remote islands like Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya.