What were two ways the crusades affect Europe?

The Crusades significantly impacted Europe by increasing trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East, leading to the introduction of new goods, ideas, and technologies. Additionally, they contributed to the rise of centralized monarchies as European kings gained power by rallying support for the Crusades and consolidating their control over feudal lords. This period also intensified religious fervor and conflict, particularly between Christians and Muslims, which influenced European attitudes toward religion and warfare for centuries.