What are some examples of probability-based inference?

Probability-based inference includes methods like Bayesian inference, where prior beliefs are updated with new evidence to make probabilistic conclusions. Another example is hypothesis testing, where a null hypothesis is evaluated against an alternative hypothesis using p-values to determine statistical significance. Additionally, confidence intervals provide a range of values within which a population parameter is likely to fall, reflecting uncertainty in estimates. These approaches help quantify uncertainty and make informed decisions based on data.