How is phosphorus a limiting factor in plant growth and freshwater lakes and streams?

Phosphorus is a limiting factor in plant growth because it is essential for key biological processes, such as energy transfer and photosynthesis, yet is often present in low concentrations in soils. In freshwater lakes and streams, excessive phosphorus can lead to eutrophication, promoting algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life. Conversely, insufficient phosphorus can restrict the growth of aquatic plants and phytoplankton, impacting the entire ecosystem. Therefore, maintaining balanced phosphorus levels is crucial for both terrestrial and aquatic environments.