How ancient civilizations performed Astronomical measurements?

Ancient civilizations performed astronomical measurements using a variety of tools and techniques, often relying on careful observation of celestial bodies. They utilized landmarks, shadows, and alignments with structures to track the movements of the sun, moon, and stars. Instruments like the gnomon, astrolabe, and celestial spheres enabled them to measure angles and time accurately. Observational data was recorded meticulously, allowing for the development of calendars and navigation methods that were crucial for agriculture and trade.