From 1990 to 2002, Russia underwent significant economic transformation as it transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented system. The early 1990s were marked by severe economic turmoil, hyperinflation, and a sharp decline in GDP following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, by the late 1990s and early 2000s, the economy began to stabilize, largely due to rising oil prices and the implementation of reforms that encouraged foreign investment. This period saw a recovery characterized by growth, increased consumer spending, and an expanding middle class.
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