Besides King Leopold II of Belgium, several groups were involved in the colonization of the Congo, including private companies like the Congo Free State, which was established by Leopold himself. Missionary organizations also played a significant role in the region, promoting Christianity and Western education. Additionally, European explorers and adventurers contributed to the initial mapping and exploitation of the land, while Belgian officials and military forces helped enforce colonial rule. Indigenous populations were also significantly impacted, often facing exploitation and violence during this period.
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