How are language and thought related?

That question requires a lot more information than I can provide--since I am neither Benjamin Whorf nor Edward Sapir, I suggest you turn to them. They posited a theory in the early half of the 20th century called the "Linguistic Relativity Theory" or the "Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis" which tries to figure out exactly what kind of link there is between language and thought, or even if there is one (both thought there was). Your other option is Eric Lenneberg, who picked up their line of research after the deaths of both.

To be honest, no one is sure right exactly how language and thought are related, but those three authors should be able to give you some kind of idea on what kind of research has been done on the matter.