The Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act regulated railroads by?

The Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906 were significant pieces of legislation aimed at curbing railroad monopolies and unfair practices. The Elkins Act prohibited railroads from offering rebates to favored customers, ensuring more equitable rates for all shippers. The Hepburn Act further strengthened regulations by granting the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the authority to set maximum railroad rates and expand its oversight of railroad operations. Together, these acts aimed to promote fair competition and protect consumers from exploitative pricing.