What achievements made during the golden ages of both Islam and the west African kingdoms reached European societies by way of?

During the golden ages of Islam and the West African kingdoms, significant achievements in various fields, such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature, were made. The introduction of Arabic numerals and advancements in algebra from Islamic scholars influenced European mathematics. Additionally, the wealth from trade in gold and salt from West Africa facilitated cultural exchanges that introduced European societies to new ideas, technologies, and goods. These interactions, often via trade routes and the translation of texts, played a crucial role in the European Renaissance.