What is the formula for gross calorific value?

The gross calorific value (GCV), also known as the higher heating value (HHV), is calculated by measuring the total amount of heat released when a fuel is completely burned and the products are cooled to their initial temperature, including the condensation of water vapor. The formula can be expressed as:

[ \text{GCV} = \frac{\text{Heat released during combustion (kJ)}}{\text{Mass of fuel (kg)}} ]

This value is essential for evaluating the energy content of fuels in various applications.