What estates had coat of arms?

Coat of arms were traditionally associated with nobility and gentry across various estates, particularly in medieval and feudal Europe. These included kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and counties, where noble families displayed their heraldic symbols to signify status, lineage, and alliances. Additionally, cities and towns often adopted coats of arms to represent their identity and governance. The practice extended to institutions like universities and civic organizations, which also used heraldry to convey their heritage and values.