What were the causes participants and outcome of the English civil war?

The English Civil War (1642-1651) was primarily caused by conflicts between King Charles I and Parliament over issues of governance, taxation, and religious freedom. Key participants included Royalists (Cavaliers) who supported the king and Parliamentarians (Roundheads) led by figures like Oliver Cromwell. The war resulted in the defeat of the Royalists, the trial and execution of Charles I, and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Cromwell, fundamentally altering the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament. Ultimately, it set the stage for the later constitutional monarchy in England.