The Gupta Empire, which lasted from approximately 320 to 550 CE in ancient India, is credited with the development and formalization of the concept of zero as a numeral. This advancement was part of a broader mathematical and scientific flourishing during this period, which included significant contributions to arithmetic and astronomy. The use of zero as both a placeholder and a number in its own right was pivotal for the evolution of mathematics. The concept later spread to other cultures, influencing mathematics globally.
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