What other minerals and vitamins play a role in calcium metabolism and should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels?

Magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and vitamin K are essential for calcium metabolism and should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels. Magnesium helps regulate parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolism, while phosphorus is crucial for bone mineralization. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption in the gut, and vitamin K is involved in the regulation of calcium in bones and blood. Deficiencies or imbalances in these nutrients can significantly affect calcium homeostasis and overall bone health.