Who instituted the penal laws which stripped Irish Catholics of their civil rights?

The penal laws that stripped Irish Catholics of their civil rights were instituted primarily by the English Parliament during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These laws aimed to suppress Catholicism in Ireland and were a response to the Catholic majority's perceived threat to Protestant rule. Key figures in this effort included William of Orange and other Protestant leaders who sought to consolidate Protestant power in Ireland. The laws severely restricted the rights of Catholics in areas such as land ownership, education, and political participation.