What improved the living conditions of poor Europeans?

Improved living conditions for poor Europeans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were largely driven by industrialization, which created job opportunities and led to urbanization. The introduction of labor laws, including regulations on working hours and conditions, also played a significant role. Additionally, social reforms, such as the establishment of public health initiatives and the expansion of education, contributed to better living standards. The rise of welfare states in the mid-20th century further enhanced social safety nets and access to essential services.