What was the second largest city in the world in 1600?

In 1600, the second largest city in the world was likely Beijing, China, with a population estimated between 600,000 to 700,000 people. It was a significant political and cultural center during the Ming Dynasty. The largest city at that time was likely Edo (modern-day Tokyo), with a similar population range. Both cities played crucial roles in their respective regions and were hubs of trade and governance.