What attitude did the Ming and Manchu dynasty's have toward trade with the outside world?

The Ming dynasty initially had a cautious attitude towards trade with the outside world, focusing on self-sufficiency and limiting foreign influence. However, they later recognized the economic benefits of trade, leading to increased maritime activities. In contrast, the Manchu Qing dynasty maintained a more restrictive approach, emphasizing control over foreign interactions and limiting trade to specific ports, particularly Canton. Overall, both dynasties reflected a tension between economic interests and a desire to preserve cultural and political integrity.