How were special effects like chopped off hands created in sheakspears play?

In Shakespeare's time, special effects like chopped-off hands were created using practical stagecraft techniques. Theaters often used props such as fake limbs made of wood or cloth, along with stage blood made from mixtures like animal blood or red paint. Actors would also employ dramatic gestures and timing to create the illusion of injury, often hiding the mechanics of the effect from the audience. This reliance on physical props and clever staging allowed for a convincing portrayal of violence without modern technology.