How does the temperature change when a planet gets further away from the sun?

Their velocity. For example, Earth goes around the Sun with about 30 km. / second. If Earth would suddenly stand still (no reason why this should happen; this is hypothetical), it would fall directly towards the Sun. As it is, Earth moves at 30 km./sec., approximately at right angles with the Sun. The Sun's gravity changes this direction - but it is not strong enough to pull Earth completely towards the Sun.

Their velocity. For example, Earth goes around the Sun with about 30 km. / second. If Earth would suddenly stand still (no reason why this should happen; this is hypothetical), it would fall directly towards the Sun. As it is, Earth moves at 30 km./sec., approximately at right angles with the Sun. The Sun's gravity changes this direction - but it is not strong enough to pull Earth completely towards the Sun.

Their velocity. For example, Earth goes around the Sun with about 30 km. / second. If Earth would suddenly stand still (no reason why this should happen; this is hypothetical), it would fall directly towards the Sun. As it is, Earth moves at 30 km./sec., approximately at right angles with the Sun. The Sun's gravity changes this direction - but it is not strong enough to pull Earth completely towards the Sun.

Their velocity. For example, Earth goes around the Sun with about 30 km. / second. If Earth would suddenly stand still (no reason why this should happen; this is hypothetical), it would fall directly towards the Sun. As it is, Earth moves at 30 km./sec., approximately at right angles with the Sun. The Sun's gravity changes this direction - but it is not strong enough to pull Earth completely towards the Sun.