How do you get effective or rms voltage?

To calculate the effective (RMS) voltage of an AC signal, you can use the formula ( V_{\text{RMS}} = \frac{V_{\text{peak}}}{\sqrt{2}} ) for a sinusoidal waveform, where ( V_{\text{peak}} ) is the maximum voltage. For non-sinusoidal waveforms, the RMS voltage can be obtained by taking the square root of the average of the squares of the instantaneous voltages over one complete cycle, expressed mathematically as ( V_{\text{RMS}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T} \int_0^T v(t)^2 , dt} ), where ( T ) is the period of the waveform. This calculation provides a measure of the effective voltage that delivers the same power as a DC voltage.