What is the difference between horizontal shift and vertical shift?

A horizontal shift refers to the movement of a graph left or right along the x-axis, which alters the x-coordinates of points without affecting their y-coordinates. In contrast, a vertical shift moves the graph up or down along the y-axis, changing the y-coordinates of points while keeping their x-coordinates the same. Both types of shifts affect the position of the graph but do so in different directions relative to the axes.