What is the legal term for a claim that is prevented by something you have already done?

The legal term for a claim that is prevented by something you have already done is "res judicata," also known as claim preclusion. This doctrine bars re-litigation of claims that have already been judged on their merits in a final decision. It aims to promote judicial efficiency and prevent inconsistent verdicts. Another related concept is "collateral estoppel," which prevents the re-litigation of specific issues that have already been resolved in a previous case.