What is the cause of land degradation in Punjab?

Land degradation in Punjab is primarily caused by intensive agricultural practices, including overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which deplete soil nutrients and harm soil structure. Additionally, excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation has led to declining water tables and soil salinization. Urbanization and industrialization further contribute to land degradation by encroaching on arable land and increasing pollution. These factors combined threaten the long-term sustainability of Punjab's agricultural productivity.