How did the Caliphs treat people in conquered territories?

Caliphs generally implemented a policy of tolerance towards people in conquered territories, allowing them to maintain their religious practices and cultural customs. Non-Muslims, particularly "People of the Book" like Christians and Jews, were often granted dhimmi status, which provided them protection and certain rights in exchange for a tax called jizya. While some areas experienced harsh treatment during military campaigns, most caliphs promoted administrative efficiency and integration, fostering trade and cultural exchanges that contributed to the prosperity of the empire. However, the degree of tolerance varied depending on the specific caliph and the region involved.