What type of bond is it when sugar dissolves in water?

It is not a bond; it is a solution (which is not chemically bonded.)

In it, sugar is what is called the solute (the substance that is dissolved)

In it, water is what is called the solvent (the substance that dissolves the solute).

This is due to something called polarity of a water molecule. Due to uneven electron distribution, the oxygen atom of the water molecule has a slight negative charge, and the two hydrogens have a slight positive charge (expressed by (+) or (-) superscript to show that this hydrogen bond is weaker than an ionic bond.

Since water is a polar molecule, it has the ability to dissolve almost any substance through attraction of these opposite charges, thus classifying it as the world's greatest solvent.