How did railroads barons get smaller companies out of business?

Railroad barons often used aggressive tactics to drive smaller companies out of business, such as predatory pricing, where they would temporarily lower freight rates to unsustainable levels that smaller competitors couldn't match. They also utilized rebates and discounts for large shippers, which placed smaller companies at a disadvantage. Additionally, they sometimes engaged in monopolistic practices by controlling key rail lines and terminals, effectively limiting access for smaller operators. These strategies ultimately allowed railroad barons to consolidate their dominance in the industry.