Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church's practices and doctrines, particularly the sale of indulgences, which he viewed as corrupt. In 1517, he famously nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, criticizing these practices and calling for reform. Luther's actions sparked the Protestant Reformation, leading to the establishment of alternative Christian denominations and a significant shift in religious authority and theology. His emphasis on faith and scripture over church tradition reshaped Christianity in Europe.
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