Quantum numbers describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons within them. There are four quantum numbers: the principal quantum number (n) can be any positive integer (1, 2, 3, ...); the azimuthal quantum number (l) ranges from 0 to n-1; the magnetic quantum number (m_l) can take values from -l to +l; and the spin quantum number (m_s) can be either +1/2 or -1/2. Each quantum number provides specific information about the electron's energy level, shape of the orbital, orientation, and spin state, respectively.
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