During a heavy thunderstorm, surface runoff is most likely to occur in areas with impermeable surfaces, such as urban environments with concrete and asphalt. These surfaces prevent water from infiltrating into the ground, leading to rapid accumulation of water on the surface. Additionally, steep slopes and areas with poor drainage can exacerbate runoff, causing flash flooding in low-lying regions. Vegetated areas may experience less runoff, but heavy rainfall can still saturate soil and lead to some surface flow.
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