What two civilizations were responsible defeating Israel and Judah?

The two civilizations that were responsible for defeating Israel and Judah were the Assyrians and the Babylonians. The Assyrians conquered the northern kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, leading to its fall and the exile of many Israelites. Later, the Babylonians defeated the southern kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE, culminating in the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the Jewish people to Babylon.