What were the main historical causes of the rift between the eastern and western churches?

The rift between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches, known as the Great Schism of 1054, was primarily caused by theological, political, and cultural differences. Disputes over the authority of the Pope, the Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, and differing liturgical practices contributed significantly to the divide. Additionally, the rise of nationalism and varying political allegiances, particularly the growing power of the Papacy in the West and the Byzantine Empire in the East, further exacerbated tensions. These factors culminated in mutual excommunications and a lasting separation between the two branches of Christianity.