What amendmeants deny power to the national government?

Amendments 1-8, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 27 all directly limit the power of the national government (though 11 affects only the Judiciary, not Congress or the Executive).

Also, 15, 19, 24, and 26 limit the power of any government (national or state) to restrict voting rights. However, this is (practically speaking) mostly a limitation on the power of the states, as the national government doesn't regulate voter qualifications as a matter of course.

Lastly, the Twenty-First Amendment technically limits national power, but only by taking away the power that the Eighteenth Amendment granted (the power to enact Prohibition of alcohol).