What are the roles of sex hormones on epiphyseal plate?

Sex hormones, particularly estrogen and testosterone, play critical roles in regulating the growth and development of the epiphyseal plate, which is responsible for bone growth during puberty. Estrogen promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plates, leading to the cessation of longitudinal bone growth, while testosterone stimulates growth by enhancing protein synthesis and bone density. The balance and timing of these hormones are essential for achieving normal skeletal maturation and final adult height. Overall, they coordinate the transition from growth to maturity in the skeletal system.