Who ran bookmaking in the 40's - 50's in San Francisco?

In the 1940s and 1950s, bookmaking in San Francisco was often controlled by organized crime figures, particularly from Italian-American backgrounds. Notable among them was the infamous crime boss Joseph "Joe" Alioto, who was involved in various illegal activities, including sports betting. Additionally, local syndicates operated independently, taking bets on horse racing and other sporting events, often with the tacit approval of law enforcement due to the pervasive corruption of the era.