How did pioneers make gunpowder?

Pioneers typically made gunpowder using three main ingredients: saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur. The saltpeter acted as the oxidizer, while charcoal and sulfur served as fuels. The ingredients were finely ground and then carefully mixed in specific ratiOS, usually 75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur, to create a combustible powder. Safety was crucial during this process, as the mixture was highly volatile and could ignite easily.