The ciliOSpinal reflex primarily involves the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It is triggered by painful stimuli that activate sympathetic pathways, leading to dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) on the side of the injury. This reflex is an example of how the sympathetic nervous system responds to stress or pain, even in the absence of conscious awareness. The reflex arc includes sensory neurons, interneurons in the spinal cord, and sympathetic efferents that innervate the dilator muscles of the pupil.
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