In 1073, Pope Gregory VII issued a decree known as the Dictatus Papae, which outlined the powers and authority of the papacy. This decree asserted that the pope had the exclusive right to appoint bishops, convene church councils, and define church doctrine. It emphasized the supremacy of the pope over secular rulers, thereby reinforcing the idea of papal authority in both ecclesiastical and political matters. This was a significant step in the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between the church and secular leaders over the appointment of church officials.
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