How did VP John C Calhoun respond when US Congress passed a protective tariff in 1828?

Vice President John C. Calhoun strongly opposed the protective tariff of 1828, viewing it as detrimental to the Southern economy, which relied on imported goods. He articulated his dissent in his "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," arguing that states had the right to nullify Federal Laws they deemed unconstitutional. Calhoun's stance contributed to the growing tensions between the North and South over economic issues, setting the stage for future conflicts regarding states' rights.