What was specifically designed to limit voting rights of the black freedmen?

Several measures were specifically designed to limit the voting rights of Black freedmen in the post-Civil War United States, most notably through Jim Crow laws. These included literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses, which effectively disenfranchised many Black voters by imposing barriers that were often difficult for them to overcome. Additionally, intimidation and violence from groups like the Ku Klux Klan further suppressed Black political participation. Such discriminatory practices were upheld by the Supreme Court and persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.