How does primary succesion occurs in new habitats?

Primary succession occurs in new habitats, such as those formed by volcanic eruptions or glacial retreats, where no soil exists. It begins with the colonization of pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, which can thrive in harsh conditions and help break down rock to form soil. As soil develops, more complex plants, like grasses and shrubs, can establish, leading to increased biodiversity. Over time, this process can result in a mature ecosystem, such as a forest, through a series of successional stages.