Who were regarded by Jose Rizal as enemies or hindrances of progress education and reform?

Jose Rizal regarded the Spanish colonial government, the Catholic Church, and the friars as primary enemies and hindrances to progress, education, and reform in the Philippines. He believed that their oppressive practices and control over education stifled intellectual growth and national development. Rizal advocated for reforms that would promote enlightenment and civic rights, opposing the ignorance and superstition perpetuated by these institutions. Ultimately, he saw the need for Filipinos to seek education and self-awareness as a means to achieve true progress.