How do some harmful fungi spoil things?

Harmful fungi spoil things by producing enzymes that break down organic materials, leading to decay and degradation of food and other substances. They can also produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds harmful to human and animal health. In addition, fungi can cause discoloration, off-flavors, and unpleasant odors, rendering food inedible. This spoilage not only affects the quality of the items but can also lead to economic losses in food production and storage.