How did the mamluk dynasty come to an end?

The Mamluk dynasty, which ruled Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to the 16th centuries, came to an end largely due to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. In 1517, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of Ridaniya and subsequently captured Cairo. This defeat marked the end of Mamluk political power, as the Ottomans integrated Egypt into their empire, effectively terminating the Mamluk sultanate and its ruling class. The Mamluks continued to exist as a social and military class under Ottoman rule, but their political authority was permanently diminished.