How does and ecosystem change during succession?

During succession, an ecosystem undergoes gradual changes in species composition and community structure over time. Initially, pioneer species such as lichens and mosses colonize disturbed areas, altering the environment and facilitating the arrival of more complex plants and animals. As these species establish and grow, they modify soil and nutrient levels, leading to increased biodiversity and the eventual development of a mature ecosystem, or climax community. This process can take years to centuries, depending on factors like climate, soil type, and disturbance history.