What are the propositions and the shortcomings of underdevelopment theories?

Underdevelopment theories suggest that developing countries are hindered by historical, political, and economic factors, such as colonization, dependency on foreign powers, and unequal global trade. Some criticisms of these theories include oversimplification of complex issues, neglect of internal factors contributing to underdevelopment, and lack of emphasis on agency and empowerment of individuals in developing countries.